IPython magic command to render matplotlib plots.

%matplotlib inline

Cluster neighborhoods and embeddings#

To further investigate the neuronal diversity within each major brain structure, Yao et al created concept of cell types “neighborhoods” or groups and use them for visualization and analysis. For each neighborhood, they genereated re-embedded UMAPS to reveal fine-grained relationships between neuronal types within and between brain regions.

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from pathlib import Path

from abc_atlas_access.abc_atlas_cache.abc_project_cache import AbcProjectCache

We will interact with the data using the AbcProjectCache. This cache object tracks which data has been downloaded and serves the path to the requsted data on disk. For metadata, the cache can also directly serve a up a Pandas Dataframe. See the getting_started notebook for more details on using the cache including installing it if it has not already been.

Change the download_base variable to where you have downloaded the data in your system.

download_base = Path('../../data/abc_atlas')
abc_cache = AbcProjectCache.from_cache_dir(download_base)

abc_cache.current_manifest
'releases/20240831/manifest.json'

Data Overview#

Cluster groups#

Each cell type neighborhood is represented as a cluster group. Each row of the dataframe represnts a cluster group. Each cluster has a label (human readable string that is unique in the database), name, description and the number of clusters that has been grouped together.

groups = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(directory='WMB-neighborhoods', file_name='cluster_group')
print("number of groups:",len(groups))
groups.set_index('label', inplace=True)
groups
cluster_group.csv: 100%|████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 1.62k/1.62k [00:00<00:00, 23.4kMB/s]
number of groups: 8

name description group_type number_of_clusters
label
CCN20230722_HY-EA-Glut-GABA HY-EA-Glut-GABA Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in hypotha... cell type neighborhood 1404
CCN20230722_MB-HB-CB-GABA MB-HB-CB-GABA GABAergic neurons in midbrain, hindbrain, and ... cell type neighborhood 1040
CCN20230722_MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa Glutamatergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic n... cell type neighborhood 1431
CCN20230722_NN-IMN-GC NN-IMN-GC Non-neuronal cells, immature neurons, granule ... cell type neighborhood 248
CCN20230722_Pallium-Glut Pallium-Glut Glutamatergic neurons from cerebral cortex (de... cell type neighborhood 517
CCN20230722_Subpallium-GABA Subpallium-GABA Telencephalic GABAergic neurons from cerebral ... cell type neighborhood 1051
CCN20230722_TH-EPI-Glut TH-EPI-Glut Glutamatergic neurons from thalamus and epitha... cell type neighborhood 148
CCN20230722_WholeBrain WholeBrain All cells in the whole mouse brain (5322 clust... cell type neighborhood 5322
# print out description for each group
for tsindex, tsrow in groups.iterrows() :
    print("%s:\n" % tsrow['name'])
    print("%s\n" % tsrow['description'])
HY-EA-Glut-GABA:

Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in hypothalamus and extended amygdala, also including all non-pallium glutamatergic neurons in cerebral nuclei (1404 clusters)

MB-HB-CB-GABA:

GABAergic neurons in midbrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum (1040 clusters)

MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa:

Glutamatergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in midbrain and hindbrain (1431 clusters)

NN-IMN-GC:

Non-neuronal cells, immature neurons, granule cells in dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb and cerebellum, and neurons in pineal gland (248 clusters)

Pallium-Glut:

Glutamatergic neurons from cerebral cortex (derived from the developmental pallium), including isocortex, hippocampal formation, olfactory areas, and cortical subplate (517 clusters)

Subpallium-GABA:

Telencephalic GABAergic neurons from cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei, as well as some from the hypothalamic preoptic area, which are derived from the developmental subpallium (1051 clusters)

TH-EPI-Glut:

Glutamatergic neurons from thalamus and epithalamus (i.e., medial and lateral habenula) (148 clusters)

WholeBrain:

All cells in the whole mouse brain (5322 clusters)

Cluster group membership#

The association between a cluster and cluster group is represented as a cluster group membership.

group_membership = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(directory='WMB-neighborhoods', file_name='cluster_group_membership')
group_membership.head(5)
cluster_group_membership.csv: 100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 674k/674k [00:00<00:00, 2.40MMB/s]
cluster_label cluster_group_label cluster_alias cluster_group_name
0 CS20230722_0128 CCN20230722_Pallium-Glut 128 Pallium-Glut
1 CS20230722_0128 CCN20230722_WholeBrain 128 WholeBrain
2 CS20230722_0129 CCN20230722_Pallium-Glut 129 Pallium-Glut
3 CS20230722_0129 CCN20230722_WholeBrain 129 WholeBrain
4 CS20230722_0130 CCN20230722_Pallium-Glut 130 Pallium-Glut

Dimension reductions#

Principal component analysis (PCA) was first preformed on the gene expression matrix. The top 100 PCs were selected and used to create a 2D UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction) for all cells in the datasets. Further, for each neighborhood or cluster group, an additional specific 2D UMAP or embedding is created.

Each row of the dimension reduction dataframe represents on embedding. Each row of the dataframe represnts an embedding. Each dimension reduction has a label (human readable string that is unique in the database), name, description, the number of cells in the embedding and the label of the associated cluster group.

maps = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(directory='WMB-neighborhoods', file_name='dimension_reduction')
print("number of maps:", len(maps))
maps
dimension_reduction.csv: 100%|██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 1.68k/1.68k [00:00<00:00, 25.2kMB/s]
number of maps: 8

label name description number_of_cells cluster_group_label
0 UMAP20230830-HY-EA-Glut-GABA HY-EA-Glut-GABA Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in hypotha... 295448 CCN20230722_HY-EA-Glut-GABA
1 UMAP20230830-MB-HB-CB-GABA MB-HB-CB-GABA GABAergic neurons in midbrain, hindbrain, and ... 186775 CCN20230722_MB-HB-CB-GABA
2 UMAP20230830-MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa Glutamatergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic n... 180669 CCN20230722_MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa
3 UMAP20230830-NN-IMN-GC NN-IMN-GC Non-neuronal cells, immature neurons, granule ... 1418529 CCN20230722_NN-IMN-GC
4 UMAP20230830-Pallium-Glut Pallium-Glut Glutamatergic neurons from cerebral cortex (de... 1494801 CCN20230722_Pallium-Glut
5 UMAP20230830-Subpallium-GABA Subpallium-GABA Telencephalic GABAergic neurons from cerebral ... 611423 CCN20230722_Subpallium-GABA
6 UMAP20230830-TH-EPI-Glut TH-EPI-Glut Glutamatergic neurons from thalamus and epitha... 126171 CCN20230722_TH-EPI-Glut
7 UMAP20230830-WholeBrain WholeBrain All cells in the whole mouse brain (5322 clust... 4042976 CCN20230722_WholeBrain

Example use cases#

Cluster group membership pivot table#

To support analysis and visualization by cluster group in later tutorials, we create a pivot table using pandas groupby fuunction. Each row of the resulting dataframe represents a cluster, each column represents cluster group and the value in the table is a boolean specifying if the cluster is a member of the cluster group.

pivot = group_membership.groupby(['cluster_alias','cluster_group_name'])['cluster_group_name'].first().unstack()
pivot = pivot.notna()
pivot
cluster_group_name HY-EA-Glut-GABA MB-HB-CB-GABA MB-HB-Glut-Sero-Dopa NN-IMN-GC Pallium-Glut Subpallium-GABA TH-EPI-Glut WholeBrain
cluster_alias
1 False False False False True False False True
2 False False False False True False False True
3 False False False False True False False True
4 False False False False True False False True
5 False False False False True False False True
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
34368 False True False False False False False True
34372 False True False False False False False True
34374 False True False False False False False True
34376 False True False False False False False True
34380 False True False False False False False True

5322 rows × 8 columns

The pivot dataframe created above is stored as part of the cache as cluster_group_membership_pivoted.

Visualize a cluster group in whole brain and neighborhood embeddings#

In this example, we visualize cluster group “CCN20230722_HY-EA-Glut-GABA” in context the whole brain UMAP and specific “HY-EA-Glut-GABA” UMAP.

First step is to read in 10x cell metadata with annotation dataframe.

cell = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(
    directory='WMB-10X',
    file_name='cell_metadata_with_cluster_annotation',
    dtype={"neurotransmitter": str}
)
cell.set_index('cell_label', inplace=True)

We join with cluster membership pivot table to get cell to cluster group member. For convenience, we can cache this view for later reuse.

joined_10x = cell.join(pivot, on='cluster_alias')

We defined a helper function to plot a UMAP using matplotlib scatter function.

def plot_umap(xx, yy, cc = None, val = None, fig_width = 8, fig_height = 8, cmap = None) :
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    fig.set_size_inches(fig_width, fig_height)
    
    if cmap is not None :
        plt.scatter(xx, yy, s=0.5, c=val, marker='.', cmap=cmap)
    elif cc is not None :
        plt.scatter(xx, yy, s=0.5, color=cc, marker='.')
        
    ax.axis('equal')
    ax.set_xlim(-18, 27)
    ax.set_ylim(-18, 27)
    ax.set_xticks([])
    ax.set_yticks([])
    
    return fig, ax

First we plot all cells in the whole brain UMAP colorized by cell type classes

subsampled = joined_10x.loc[::10]
color = subsampled['class_color'].copy()
fig, ax = plot_umap(subsampled['x'], subsampled['y'], cc=color)
res = ax.set_title('WholeBrain: all classes')
../_images/b5be3230f45717c33da597f0b722e3702934c39ebad7b92609d245479125da12.png

We filter to only colorized cells in the “HY-EA-Glut-GABA” cluster group to visualize cell type classes, subclasses and neurotransmitter types

glabel = "CCN20230722_HY-EA-Glut-GABA"
print(groups.loc[glabel, 'description'])
gname = groups.loc[glabel, 'name']
pred = (subsampled[gname] == False)

color = subsampled['class_color'].copy()
color[pred] = '#f5f5f5'
fig, ax = plot_umap(subsampled['x'], subsampled['y'], cc=color)
res = ax.set_title('WholeBrain: HY-EA classes')
Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in hypothalamus and extended amygdala, also including all non-pallium glutamatergic neurons in cerebral nuclei (1404 clusters)
../_images/6fe3c6c12b2aaa4422122d036c863d3c671f4861bdc682baa94a8ae76c397c44.png
color = subsampled['subclass_color'].copy()
color[pred] = '#f5f5f5'
fig, ax = plot_umap(subsampled['x'], subsampled['y'], cc=color)
res = ax.set_title('WholeBrain: HY-EA subclasses')
../_images/c6cc6a276a25b9b684abbdf2ebce3e5ad134c01055d8560ce96e36f61f119747.png
color = subsampled['neurotransmitter_color'].copy()
color[pred] = '#f5f5f5'
fig, ax = plot_umap(subsampled['x'], subsampled['y'], cc=color)
res = ax.set_title('WholeBrain: HY-EA subclasses')
../_images/3eec02e85b5d9e2e66b9cbe53964e291599f573cd6fd45f390a2000fda8c0c44.png

In this next section, we read in the coordinates for the HY-EA-Glut-GABA specific embedding

maps_by_group = maps.set_index('cluster_group_label')
mlabel = maps_by_group.loc[glabel,'label']

coord = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(directory='WMB-neighborhoods', file_name=mlabel)
coord.set_index('cell_label', inplace=True)
UMAP20230830-HY-EA-Glut-GABA.csv: 100%|█████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 13.7M/13.7M [00:01<00:00, 7.46MMB/s]

We create a new dataframe “neighborhoos” by joining the spatial coordinates with cell metadata

neighborhood = coord.join(joined_10x, how='left', rsuffix='orig')

We can resuse the same plot umap helper function to visualize cell type classes, subclasses and neurotransmitter types in the new embedding

fig, ax = plot_umap(neighborhood['x'], neighborhood['y'], cc=neighborhood['class_color'])
res = ax.set_title('HY-EA-Glut-GABA classes')
../_images/037a289d96287e9a120f00f16d2eda301e26b2ea559a6ce7905f7f497ac9e0a7.png
fig, ax = plot_umap(neighborhood['x'], neighborhood['y'], cc=neighborhood['subclass_color'])
res = ax.set_title('HY-EA-Glut-GABA subclasses')
../_images/e0da2cffb2e7c6c0b72a99591e9472f2be894f6331a75eb98cae7209039ee2e5.png
fig, ax = plot_umap(neighborhood['x'], neighborhood['y'], cc=neighborhood['neurotransmitter_color'])
res = ax.set_title('HY-EA-Glut-GABA neurotransmitter types')
../_images/67995d31356f62dc2a8a42f4ae68d0e68e50517b7088093c409c82b3af35aeeb.png

Visualize gene expression in neighborhood embedings#

In this section, we show how to visualize gene expression in a neighborhood specific embedding. We start by reading in the gene expression dataframe we previously cached in the metadata directory from running 10x part 2a tutorial.

exp = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(directory='WMB-10X', file_name='example_genes_all_cells_expression')
exp.set_index('cell_label', inplace=True)
print(exp.columns)
Index(['Slc32a1', 'Slc17a7', 'Slc6a5', 'Slc17a6', 'Slc6a2', 'Slc17a8', 'Tac2',
       'Slc6a4', 'Slc6a3', 'Slc18a3'],
      dtype='object')

We create a new dataframe “neighborhood_exp” that joins the neighborhood with gene expression information. We resuse the plot umap helper function to plot expression for genes Slc32a1 (GABAergic enriched) and Slc17ab (Glutamergic enriched).

neighborhood_exp = neighborhood.join(exp)
gene = 'Slc32a1'
fig, ax = plot_umap(neighborhood_exp['x'], neighborhood_exp['y'], val=neighborhood_exp[gene], cmap=plt.cm.magma_r)
res = ax.set_title('HY-EA-Glut-GABA: %s' % gene)
../_images/c21287d7294d016a8c08d17772c0e209118dc4860d6ecdc4c081a35a1b6e0a2e.png
gene = 'Slc17a6'
fig, ax = plot_umap(neighborhood_exp['x'], neighborhood_exp['y'], val=neighborhood_exp[gene], cmap=plt.cm.magma_r)
res = ax.set_title('HY-EA-Glut-GABA: %s' % gene)
../_images/61ab56b11e57b8c4ad8ee03c599d362d7e8e10f2bf75c343ac333d2fa431181c.png

Visualize cluster groups in anatomical context#

In this section, we visualize a cluster group in anatomical context using the whole brain merfish dataset. We begin by reading in the extended cell metadata dataframe.

cell = abc_cache.get_metadata_dataframe(
    directory='MERFISH-C57BL6J-638850',
    file_name='cell_metadata_with_cluster_annotation',
    dtype={"cell_label": str}
)
cell.set_index('cell_label', inplace=True)
cell_metadata_with_cluster_annotation.csv: 100%|████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████| 1.02G/1.02G [02:46<00:00, 6.13MMB/s]

We join with cluster membership pivot table to get cell to cluster group member. For convenience, we can cache this view for later reuse.

joined_merfish = cell.join(pivot, on='cluster_alias')

We create a helper function to visualized a set of brain sections, colorized by specified cell property and filtered to a user specified cluster group.

def plot_sections(df, group, feature, blist, fig_width = 20, fig_height = 5) :
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, len(blist))
    fig.set_size_inches(fig_width, fig_height)
    
    for idx,bsl in enumerate(blist):
        
        filtered = df[df['brain_section_label'] == bsl]
        xx = filtered['x']
        yy = filtered['y']

        vv = filtered[feature].copy()
        pred = (filtered[group] == False)
        vv[pred] = '#f5f5f5'
        
        ax[idx].scatter(xx, yy, s=1.0, color=vv, marker=".")
            
        ax[idx].axis('equal')
        ax[idx].set_xlim(0, 11)
        ax[idx].set_ylim(11, 0)
        ax[idx].set_xticks([])
        ax[idx].set_yticks([])
        
        ax[idx].set_title("%s: %s" % (group, bsl))

        
    plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.01, hspace=0.01)
    plt.show()
    return fig, ax

We use the helper function to view 6 MERFISH sections, colorized by cell type subclass and restricted to HY-EA-Glut-GABA subgroup.

blist = ['C57BL6J-638850.46', 'C57BL6J-638850.43', 'C57BL6J-638850.40']
fig, ax = plot_sections(joined_merfish, 'HY-EA-Glut-GABA', 'subclass_color', blist)
../_images/8859f03c217b7eb3f6bff868fd0a851025f60a6d485b00a5cac44102f1b97ad8.png
blist = ['C57BL6J-638850.38', 'C57BL6J-638850.36', 'C57BL6J-638850.32']
fig, ax = plot_sections(joined_merfish, 'HY-EA-Glut-GABA', 'subclass_color', blist)
../_images/093e5a5b0a26c6673cef0681ae1e9a6b323e936cf54bb1fc09a34a40411ae3b4.png